Country Names in Sanskrit

 Country Names in Sanskrit

If foreign liturature is to be translated into Sanskrit, I think we should have a standard set of Sanskrit names for the various countries around the world. The idea is to be less reliant on direct English loans. Hence the way I will coin names will be complicated. Sometimes a country already has a Sanskrit name because of Indian contact with the region. For example Nepal. Other times, we just add the the Sanksrit word for "country" to the name of the people living there. So for example, Turkey is "Country of Turks". We have Sanskrit attestations of names for Persians, Arabs, and Turks (pArasika, Arava, turuSka). The SpokenSanskrit Dictionary has coined some of the country names using the previous conventions. It curiously also uses the Sanskrit word "sthAnam" for countries ending in "-stan" like Pakistan. The "stan" ending is from Persian meaning "place" and is actually cognate with Sanskrit "sthAnam". I will adopt this conventions. Some names are borrowed from English, like America, but modern Sanskrit speakers use "amerikA" to the point that it has been ingrained into the modern version of the language. I will also try to borrow from a veriety of languages to avoid English, including Arabic, Greek, Latin, Old Norse, or even various indigenous languages! 

I will also outline how the people of the country and any corresponding language should be called.  Usually it is a feminine form of the corresponding ethnicity or country.

Asia:

India: भारत​(देश​)
Pakstan: पाकिस्थानम्
Afghanistan:अवगाणस्थानम् [Brhat Samhita]
Bangladesh: वङ्गदेश​
Nepal: नेपाल(देश​)


China: चीन​(देश​)
        Mandarin Chinese: चीनीया? or चीनी?

Japan:निहोन(देश) or ​निहोनराज्य​
        Japanese: नैहोनी

Vietnam:चाम्प​(देश​) ("चाम्प" is an attested Sanskrit name)
        Vietnamese: चाम्पी

Indonesia: द्वीपान्तर(देश​)/नुसान्तर(देश​)

Malaysia: मलयराज्य or मलयुराज्य [Malay may have been interprated as Malayadvipa, there is the Malayu Kingdom]​
        Malay: मालयी?

Cambodia: कम्बुज​देश  (Attested Sanskrit name)
        Khmer: काम्बुजी

Thailand: श्यामदेश or श्यामराज्य  [Siam is interprated as "श्याम"]or तयदेश or तयराज्य [from "Thai"]​

Turkestan: तुरुष्कस्थानम्
Turkmenistan:
Uzbekhistan: उज़्बेकिस्थानम्?
Kazakhstan: कज़ाखस्थानम्

Arabia: आरबराज्य or आरवराज्य or आरबदेश or आरवदेश
            Arabic: आरवी [attested in Sanskrit]

Persia: पारसदेश
            Persian: पारसी [attested in Sanskrti]

Turkey: तुरुष्कदेश
            Turkish: तौरुष्की
​
Isreal: यूडदेश or युडराज्य
            Hebrew:यूडी? or यौडी?
​
Palestine: फिलस्तीन​(देश​)


​

Europe:

Greece: यवनदेश or यवनराज्य​ or यवनप्रान्त or यवनप्रदेश​
            Greek: यावनी or यवनी
France: फिरङ्गदेश
            French: फैरङ्गी or फिरङ्गी
Spain: इस्बन्य​(देश​) or  हिस्पान्य(देश​)
            Spanish:  हैस्पानी
Portugal: पुर्तगाल​(देश​)
            Portuguese: पुर्तगाली? [apparently attested in Hindi] or पौर्तगालि
Italy: इताल्य​(देश​)
            Italian: ऐताली
Germany: जर्मन्यदेश or सुदृवेग​(देश​)
            German: जार्मन्या? or जार्मानी?
Denmark: दानिराज्य or दानिदेश
            Danish: दानिकी?​
Norway: नोर्द्वेग​(देश​)
            Norwegian: नौर्द्वेगी?
Sweden: स्वियरिकि(देश​) or स्वीत्योद् (देश), स्विराज्य
            Swedish: स्वैत्योदी?​ स्वेयी?
Russia: रुष्य​(देश​) or रुस्स्य(देश​) or रुसदेश [From Old Norse: Rus]​
            Russian: रौसी or रौष्या?
England:​ आङ्ग्लराज्य or आङ्ग्लदेश
            English: आङ्ग्ली
Scotland: स्कौतप्रान्त or स्कौतप्रदेश or स्कौतदेश
            Scottish: स्कौती
Ireland: इरदेश or इरद्वीप or इरप्रदेश ["इर" from Old Norse "Irr"] ​ or इर्लान्द​(देश​)
            Irish Gaelic: इरी? or ऐरी?
Wales: कम्ब्रियदेश or कम्ब्रियप्रान्त or कम्ब्रियप्रदेश​​​ [from Latin: Cambria]
            Welsh: काम्ब्रिया? or काम्ब्री?​​
​Hungary: मजरदेश​
            Hungarian: माजरी


Africa:

Egypt: मिस्र(देश​)
            Egyptian language: मैस्री?
Madagascar: मलगशद्वीप
            Malagasy: मालगाशी
Sudan: सूडान(देश​)
Ethiopia: ऐत्योपि(देश​) or ऐत्योपिराज्य​ [from Greek: Aithiopes] or आमरदेश​ [Amara = Amhara people]
            Amharic: आमरी
Nigeria: निजेरि(देश​) [from English: Nigeria]



North America:

United States: अमेरिका​(देश​)
Canada:कनडा(देश​)
Mexico: मेशिकदेश​ or मेशिका? [From Nauhatl: mexicah]
            Nahuatl: मेशिकी or मैशिकी?


South America:

Peru: पीरु​(देश​) [The turkey bird in the Hindi is apparently  "piru" for the bird originates there]
           Quechua: पैरवी or किच्वा or रुनसीमि
Ecuador: निरक्षकदेश​
    Galapagos Islands: गलापग-द्वीपाः
Chile: चीलि(देश​) [Directly from Spanish: Chile]
Argentina:  आर्गितीन​(देश​)
Paraguay:परग्व़ाय​(देश​)
Uruguay: उरुग्व़ाय​(देश​)
Brazil: ब्रसिल​(देश​)


Oceania:

Australia: प्रतिदक्षिणद्विप​? [island towards the south]
New Zealand: मौरि-द्वीपक​ [consisting of islands of the Maori]
            Maori language: मौरिका


Antarctica:

Antarctica: कुमेरु(महा)द्वीप [Ancient Indian astronomers posited a mountain named Kumeru located at the Earth's south pole] or ​वधवमुखद्वीप [As per Albiruni, ancient Indians posited a land at the bottom on the Earth called ""Vadhavamukha]​ 

    Potential Antarctic language: कौमेरी

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